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NESTEC Paper: A Glove Based System For Hearing Impaired Victims

ABSTRACT

Deafness is defined as a partial or complete hearing loss. Deafness can be present at birth (congenital), or become evident later in life (acquired). In general, people with hearing impaired and speech disability use sign language based on hand gestures with a specific motion to represent the language they are communicating. A gesture in a sign language is a precise movement of the hands with a specific shape from the fingers and whole hand. This work aims to design a portable embedded system that will convert the sign language into voice.

The system is divided into two main units. The RF transmitter unit that transmits a wireless RF transmitter signal to the receiver unit, and the receiver unit that receives the wireless command from the RF transmitter unit. The RF transmitter unit consists of components like; ADXL335 accelerometer that serves as the hand gesture sensing unit, a microcontroller that controls all the peripheral components that are attached to it and the RF transmitter module. The receiver unit consists of components like; RF receiver module, LED’s that serves as voice output indicators, microcontroller and audio amplifier that amplify the voice outputs.

Four voice outputs results were being obtained from four different wrist motions using a LED’s as the voice indicator. The blue LED represent ‘’I am hungry” as the voice output, the dark red LED represent ‘’I am tired” as the voice output, the green LED represent ‘’I am sick” as the voice output and the red LED represent ‘’I am thirsty” as the voice output.

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Key words: Glove based system, Sign language, Gesture recognition, and Accelerometer.

Author: Idris Sadiq Musa

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Nestec Paper

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150 thoughts on “NESTEC Paper: A Glove Based System For Hearing Impaired Victims

  1. I’m very grateful and happy to see this reasonable and helpful article written by a Nigerian students.which will help a lot of people not in nigeria but the whole world.

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  2. A very interesting and well organized article. Honestly am so proud that the article is written by a Nigerian student….Welldone brother

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  3. Its a very very good attempt that when put forward by the government nd the linkage organizations will help a lot and make emergency communications easier for the target groups……salute you man

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  4. Am glad and happy to see such a great and wonderful article written by a Nigerian student. such a great article…weldone

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  5. Amazing write-up by Nigerian student .. Well done brother

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  6. It’s very helpful and interesting article which when invented it will help alot of people in the whole world.

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  7. Wow.. this is the best article i have ever seen from the university student, i thought its from one of the nigerian Doctors or professors. Well done brother, this article is not only interesting but also a reasonable one. You’re the best bro..

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  8. Well to begin with, I’m delighted about your project it is inspirational, helpful and excellent work. It is definitely an awesome project that will benefit people that are not able to communicate in gesture when speaking to deaf people.

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    1. as i stated earlier from the work, the system is been divided into 2 main units. the Transmitter and the receiver unit. You can see the picture of the 2 unit from the article. the transmitter unit with all it peripheral components like ADXL335 accelerometer, RF transmitter module were been attached to the glove (normal cotton hand glove). as I initially said it, the ADXL335 accelerometer is a sensor that records the dynamic and static acceleration of the wrist motion resulting from shock or vibration. The Transmitter unit has it own switch bottom likewise the receiver unit. As I said it before, the receiver unit receives the wireless RF transmitter signal from the transmitter unit. So, when you move your wrist forward, backward, left or right the LED’s responsible for each of the motion is going to glow. for example if you move your wrist to the left side when you wear the glove the Green LED will glow, and you will hear the voice output as ” I am sick”. Thesame thing that happens when you change the position of your wrist. I do hope you understand how it works (the working principle of the system). thank you

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  9. This is an excellent project even with limited standard resources u were still able to build this, it’s simply great and a good step up for other engineering students

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  10. Fantastic and great work keep it up

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  11. Nice , but A device as this needs power round the clock , what is the device powered on? And how practical is this , does it have a working prototype

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    1. The device has a 9V DC battery which can work for atleast 6-7hours. The problem I am trying to solve is more on making emergency request. But it is possible to make use of rechargeable batteries. You know this is like ”first attempt” but I will put this your observation in mind, in case I am going to redo the work. thank you very musch.

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  12. What a nice write up. But i really want to know why you made use of the ADXL335 accelerometer”

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    1. Most of the previous work that were been done make use of the flex sensors.The flex sensors can only detect how much bending they are experiencing and so they neglect motions like tilting the hand back and forth at different angles. Instead, accelerometers can be used to measure this type of motion.

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  13. You know we have different materials upon which the glove were been made. so when dealing with anything that will get in contact with the human body, as a biomedical engineer you need to do a biomaterial selection first. According to the biomaterial selection conducted, the glove made from cotton material is considered to be suitable because cottons are good in absorbing perspiration and also least allergenic. thank you.

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  14. Good day Mr Idris,

    I need a few clarifications and I hope you can indulge me.

    Your paper title infers that the glove-solution is for HEARING IMPAIRED victims, but the concluding part of your abstract is talking about VOICE OUTPUT which I understand as the glove being used to enable those who can’t SPEAK, convert sign language to VOICE.

    On the other hand, you went ahead to emphasize the use of LED’s for each voice output which throws me into confusion.

    My question: is this glove providing a solution for those *who can’t hear* (based on your topic) and if that’s the case, it wouldn’t be the PWD (person with disability) wearing the glove but the person who needs to communicate with them (going by the LED function), right??

    So, If then that is the case (my last point above), the glove is absolutely unnecessary as using sign language *without* the glove would produce the same or better results in my opinion.

    However, if it’s the PWD using the glove, we would be going back to my first point that the glove should then be made for those who *can’t speak* not those who have *a hearing problem* i.e with the voice output function, and so I don’t see the need for the LED function.

    Please clarify. Thanks.

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    1. Thank you for your question. Firstly, the glove is meant to be worn by the deaf people. secondly, the LED’s have a significant important in the work because we are dealing with four different wrist motion i.e. flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. So each of this motions were been represented by a unique LED as the voice output. As you can see from the review literature, The MIT LED glove make use of Camera-based LED system to track the body motion, But this is going to be somehow expensive because of the camera, and we want something very affordable due to the current economic situation we are facing we Nigerians, that is why the LED’s were used.

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  15. Indeed a great, very interesting and well organized article. It is definitely an awesome project that will benefit people around the globe. Really proud that it comes from Nigerian student, keep it up.

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  16. Thank you for your question. Firstly, the glove is meant to be worn by the deaf people. secondly, the LED’s have a significant important in the work because we are dealing with four different wrist motion i.e. flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. So each of this motions were been represented by a unique LED as the voice output. As you can see from the review literature, The MIT LED glove make use of Camera-based LED system to track the body motion, But this is going to be somehow expensive because of the camera, and we want something very affordable due to the current economic situation we are facing we Nigerians, that is why the LED’s were used.

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  17. It’s really a wonderful article, and also a recommended work

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  18. Good work Idris.

    I read chapter 1, 4 and 5 which is generally well articulated.

    You mentioned two reason for doubting the result of your work; (i) dysfunctional accelerometer that was erratic hence not output not trusted, and (ii) inadequate know how on the function & use of such accelerometer. The microprocessor used does not support Software Definition which is key part of modern AI systems like what your study portends.

    By the use of speakers and LEDs, you seem to have addressed one way communication from a deaf person to a person without impairment. A bidirectional communication is desired but you didn’t mention such for further work. It would have been nice to read your thoughts on the implantation of hearing aids in deaf persons such that the nerves and neuromotor for sensing sound can be connected to same.

    While these challenges were not addressed, your work and presentation is good. I would rank it at 7 out of 10 in a country where most graduates struggle to articulate their thoughts.

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  19. It’s a very great development considering the rate of attention given to deaf people these days

    It’s great seeing Nigerian students doing great things

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    1. My question is?
      Based on the abstract I read, is the communication restricted to only 4 basis?
      Let’s look at a situation where someone has been completely dead from birth, is it going to be too comfortable aiding hearing ability with that? Or is there some kind of visual communication as most times or even everytime, they are bound to sign languages

      Lastly, have this been tested and trusted?
      How was the process like?

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      1. The glove is restricted to only 4 basis communication. Secondly, we have at least 3 different approaches for the glove based system. We have the Virtual approach, Visual approach and lastly the Data based approach. For the purpose of this work, the data based approach method is the approach that is been adopted. Because it is simple and cheap. And among the objective of the work, we want to develop a system that is cheap which will be affordable for a common man, and we make reference to the current economic situation we are facing in Nigeria. The answer to this question is that “using the visual approach method, it is going to provide a solution to your answer” but the issue with this approach is that, it is very expensive because a webcamera has to be employed to carryout the work, and also it is very difficult. Lastly, as you can see from the result obtained in the article, we have gotten a results from the 4 different wrist motion, using LEDs as the voice output indicators. As the wrist moves to the four different motion, each of the LEDs is going to correspond to the type of the motion, and the voice output is going to be heard through the speaker. Thank you very much for your question

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  20. Good day Mr.Idris This article is every good, the idea used can surely provide solution to the deaf community especially when making the emergency request. My question here is “you made mention of at least 3 approaches of glove based system, can you please tell us more on the significant importance of each of this approaches? thank you “

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    1. 1) For the data glove approached, most marketable sign language translation system use the data glove method as it is simple to acquire data on the bending and 3D orientation of the hand using gloves. This approach requires less computational force and continues analysis is much simple to achieve. The richness of information that can be derive from hand joints appears to be at the most of the success of these gloves in many research areas. The data gloves like systems are still the most widely used glove based systems. They allow continuous recording of hand joint angles. A major limitation appears to be limited portability primarily due to tethering and presence of cloth support which limits the users haptic sense and naturalness of movement and makes the glove cumbersome.
      2) Using the visual based approach, the image of the signer are captured by a camera and video processing is done to perform recognition of the sign language. The limitation of this approach is that “the image acquisition runs constantly until the signer demonstrate a stop sign. Also, they are very expensive, latency and each image occupies 50KB of memories.
      3) Using the virtual based button approach, this method uses the pattern of the wrist shape. It can perceive a squeeze movement. However, this method is not effective for interpreting sign language because it requires more intricate stance of fingers. Morever, sign language gesture utilizes more than a finger movement and wrist shape. Thus, this method is not practical for perceiving communication via gesture motion. Another issue with this approach is that; after prolonged usage, the switch instead of being open when the finger is straight, it will be closed resulting in improper transmission of gesture.

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  21. This is a very interesting and great article our great engineer, but I have one question about your article, my question here is that a communication between the transmitter and the receiver unit is it wireless or not?

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    1. 1) For the data glove approached, most marketable sign language translation system use the data glove method as it is simple to acquire data on the bending and 3D orientation of the hand using gloves. This approach requires less computational force and continues analysis is much simple to achieve. The richness of information that can be derive from hand joints appears to be at the most of the success of these gloves in many research areas. The data gloves like systems are still the most widely used glove based systems. They allow continuous recording of hand joint angles. A major limitation appears to be limited portability primarily due to tethering and presence of cloth support which limits the users haptic sense and naturalness of movement and makes the glove cumbersome.
      2) Using the visual based approach, the image of the signer are captured by a camera and video processing is done to perform recognition of the sign language. The limitation of this approach is that “the image acquisition runs constantly until the signer demonstrate a stop sign. Also, they are very expensive, latency and each image occupies 50KB of memories.
      3) Using the virtual based button approach, this method uses the pattern of the wrist shape. It can perceive a squeeze movement. However, this method is not effective for interpreting sign language because it requires more intricate stance of fingers. Morever, sign language gesture utilizes more than a finger movement and wrist shape. Thus, this method is not practical for perceiving communication via gesture motion. Another issue with this approach is that; after prolonged usage, the switch instead of being open when the finger is straight, it will be closed resulting in improper transmission of gesture.

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  22. 1) For the data glove approached, most marketable sign language translation system use the data glove method as it is simple to acquire data on the bending and 3D orientation of the hand using gloves. This approach requires less computational force and continues analysis is much simple to achieve. The richness of information that can be derive from hand joints appears to be at the most of the success of these gloves in many research areas. The data gloves like systems are still the most widely used glove based systems. They allow continuous recording of hand joint angles. A major limitation appears to be limited portability primarily due to tethering and presence of cloth support which limits the users haptic sense and naturalness of movement and makes the glove cumbersome.
    2) Using the visual based approach, the image of the signer are captured by a camera and video processing is done to perform recognition of the sign language. The limitation of this approach is that “the image acquisition runs constantly until the signer demonstrate a stop sign. Also, they are very expensive, latency and each image occupies 50KB of memories.
    3) Using the virtual based button approach, this method uses the pattern of the wrist shape. It can perceive a squeeze movement. However, this method is not effective for interpreting sign language because it requires more intricate stance of fingers. Morever, sign language gesture utilizes more than a finger movement and wrist shape. Thus, this method is not practical for perceiving communication via gesture motion. Another issue with this approach is that; after prolonged usage, the switch instead of being open when the finger is straight, it will be closed resulting in improper transmission of gesture.

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  23. A wonderful and motivated article. I do hope the nigerian government will do something about this brilliant innovation.

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  24. This work can surely assist deaf people in this country (Nigeria). In fact this is how we want our Nigerian engineering students to be bringing excellence ideas on how to solve a particular problem to various people with disability in the nation.

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  25. is the voice output audible to human hearing?

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  26. Nice article.
    My question is what is the disadvantage using this device

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    1. I can refer the disadvantage to the approach used i.e the data glove based system. If not the approach, i didn’t see any disadvantage of the device because it is a device that is meant to solve a particular problem. But the approach used have some limitations, as I initially stated in one answer that I provide to one particular questions, we have 3 approaches namely: 1) the data glove approach, 2) the visual approach and the virtual botton approach. The approach that was adopted in this work is the data glove based approach. The limitations associated with this approach appear to be limited portability primarily due to tethering and presence of cloth support which limits the users haptic sense and naturalness of movement which makes the glove cumbersome.

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  27. A well written article Mr.Idris. In fact it is great to see a Nigerian students coming with something reasonable ideas and innovations that will assist some category of disabled people of the nation.

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      1. I love the idea behind this work seriously.

        Question pls.
        How will design system take into considerations cases of sign language that the speaker would mean to be different to what the system would give as an interpretation?
        And secondly, how best could it work in situations where a sign as a gesture (not meant to be a message) is being transmitted?

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        1. For now, the device is limited to four messages only. But it is possible to add more messages to the device. Secondly, if a sign is not meant to be a message, nothing will be heard as the voice output also, none of the LEDs will glow. Thank you very much.

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  28. Really impressed with this beautiful idea well written article keep it up.

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  29. A well written and fantastic article. in fact you have come with a device that can surely solve communication barrier faced by the deaf community, I pray and hope that the federal government will do something about this fantastic idea.

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  30. I read your article Mr Idris, I am very impress with the way you organise your article. My question Here is : From your article, you made mention of some sign languages that we have, in this your which among this sign languages you consider?

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    1. Thank you very much. As I said we have many sign languages across the world, but American sign language is one of the most popular sign language used. Even here in Nigeria, So we consider the American sign language which was been introduce by Eleweke in the year 2015.

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  31. You really try Mr Idris by coming up with this brilliant idea that can solve the communication barrier face by the deaf people

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  32. Nice work there but it clearly shows that your gadget has lots of limitations since it may not be able to command certain complex languages beyond the primitive conventional statement which you pointed out, Also, since your gadget dont have the ability to be used in different languages , i ask as an Engineer: Have you really solved a problem with this high level of error margin and great deficiency. Thanks

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    1. Thank you very much for your question and observation sir. Firstly as it was stated in the article, the work is restricted to four basis conventional statement which I will regard as 4 emergency request statement. Also note that the work is done based on the wrist motion, and we have four main types of wrist motion i.e. the Abduction, Adduction, Flexion and Extension upon which the system is based on. I also stated in my work that we made used of ADXL335 Accelerometer which is a sensor that can detect this type of motion. Although I initially stated that most of the work that are previously done make use of the Flex sensor, using this sensors, you can have more than 4 messages, but they are limited to some certain range of motion which are ”the four basic motions that we make use of”.
      Secondly I can say that a Problem has been solved if you can judge the work again, because I have seen a situation were by a deaf person enter the ATM queue in an attempt to withdraw a money, but unfortunately he can’t operate the ATM machine, and People didn’t realize he is deaf, He try to call the attention of some people for assistance but they didn’t actually understand him, can you bear with me that all he need to say is ”I need your Help” but he spent so many time before some people understand that he is deaf and gave him some assistance, People do not easily notice deaf people because they didn’t hold anything that will identify them, like for example in everywhere in Nigeria or the world in general whenever you see a person holding a stick (white cane) you know he is blind. We want people having hearing impairment to be quickly identified when ever they are spotted wearing this kind of device. So with this, I can boldly say that we solve a problem. thank you once again.

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  33. Mr author, i did notice that your gadget is primarily functional under the effectiveness of Light Emitting Diode (LED). This is indeed a very big issue because what if the bub get spoilt, how do you intend to fix such issue because i believe such failure can be very destructive.

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    1. thank you very much. The led are very significant on the work as you said. But they can take time before they got spoiled. As you know every electrical component has it own validity period. And another thing is that, high voltage play a significant role in spoiling LED which and for this work I don’t thing the voltage used can cause such problem, the voltage is not high also is not low because they are tested very well. Thank you once again.

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  34. Wow! Mr. Sadiq, your work will significantly improve communication amongst different class of people. Kudos!

    But sir, Did you followed NESTEC rules in writing this piece or you followed your rules? What is your abstract word count?

    Secondly, why did you choose to use ADXL330 sensor/transmitter and what’s the full meaning of RF? (Am not sure I saw it, if it has any)

    From your results I can boldly say that voltage increases as the degree of hand tilt increases.

    What do you think as regards the pros and cons that accompanies the realization of this great work?

    Thank you sir. But please attend to my questions…

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    1. Thank you for the question. Firstly I don’t think the work will reach this stage without following the rules.
      secondly, as I said earlier in one of the questions I attended to, I said that from the previous work that have been done, most of them make used of flex sensors and this sensors are limited to some certain range of motion like the abduction, adduction, flexion and extension, but the adxl335 accelerometer that I used are capable of detecting such kind of motions that’s why they are used. The RF means Radio Frequency.

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      1. Fro the pro of the work, I can say ” solving communication difficulty faced by the deaf community in Nigeria in which the work heavily relies on Emergency request they are trying to make when they meet with people that doesn’t understands their means of communication. “

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        1. Fro the cons, I can refer the cons to the approach used i.e the data glove based system. If not the approach, i didn’t see any disadvantage of the device because it is a device that is meant to solve a particular problem. But the approach used have some limitations, as I initially stated in one answer that I provide to one particular questions, we have 3 approaches namely: 1) the data glove approach, 2) the visual approach and the virtual botton approach. The approach that was adopted in this work is the data glove based approach. The limitations associated with this approach appear to be limited portability primarily due to tethering and presence of cloth support which limits the users haptic sense and naturalness of movement which makes the glove cumbersome.

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      2. Wow! Really?
        So what’s your abstract’s word count?
        Your abstract has how many words in it?
        The rules says less than 200 words

        If it’s a mistakes thats a different case, than something else.

        Thank you for your response anyway

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        1. The initial abstract I send has less than 200 words as been instructed!! But you can request for my abstract from the organisers if you wish so and make the assessment again. Thank you very much.

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  35. Mr Idris you really come up with brilliant idea. I read you work it is very good. But I think you need to consider what Mr Augustine duru said, for proper working and accurate reading of your work when implementing and constructing it.

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    1. Thank you very much sir! I will surely put them in mind

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  36. you have an impressive write up Mr. Idris.

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  37. Nice work Mr.Sadiq, but my question is that is it compulsory to used the 9v battery?

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    1. Thank you for going through the work. It defend on the electrical components you make use of. You know different electrical component varies in voltage assumption. So for this work, the 9v battery suit the work because it has been tested and has provide the required voltage for each component to function properly both in the 2 main unit i.e. the transmitter and the receiver unit. thank you once again

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  38. Nice article and idea engineer. May the sky be your limit.

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  39. This is very good and well written article Mr.idris. You try by coming up with this brilliant idea for the deaf communities in this our great nation.

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  40. The secret of getting ahead is getting started. Always put your fears behind you and your dreams in front of you. Great Work Bro 👏👏

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  41. Good morning brother. Hope you are cool and good. Let me drop some few questions for your answers here. Do well to explain further.

    1. What’s the economic feasibility and stand of this research?

    2. How do you think the research can be broadened to encompass different gestures of the hearing impaired community?

    3. Did you exceeded the given abstract limit intentionally for a purpose —like to be creative or what?

    4. How do you think a research which addressed so simple expressions like that can be used to address the more complex gestures we have in the hearing impaired world?

    Thank you. Looking forward to hear from you.

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    1. Thank you very much for your questions!
      Firstly talking about the economic feasibility of the research, I can say the work entirely require less capital. And this is because of the approach that is adopted in the work. Like I said earlier, the data glove approach is the cheapest approach compare to the remaining approaches.
      Secondly, this idea can be broaden by combining different sensors together like for example in the previous work some people make use of flex sensors alone, while others make use of optic sensors alone, while others uses accelerometers alone, and also, others combine both the flex and accelerometer sensor together. Combining this sensors together can broaden different gestures for the deap community. But my work is limited to accelerometer sensor alone, and I mention the reason behind that.
      Thirdly, I didn’t exceed the abstract intentionally, you know from the early start, we are asked to submit our abstracts that is stated to be less than 200 words, I did so by submitting my abstract that is 180 words. I followed that instructions brother. But when we are asked to submits the complete article of our works I didn’t think we are given that same instruction as it was given in the first place. In a nut shell, for the complete article, we are neither limited to number of words to be used nor number of pages.
      Lastly, as I keep on saying, the approach I used is limited to some certain range of motions, but the other approaches can provide more complex gesture the reasons why I didn’t go for them is that they require a lot of capital, and the technology used is somehow combursome but meanwhile nothing is impossible, with your obersavtions, idea, and advices I think it is possible for us all to work together for achieving the desired goal. Thank you very much.

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  42. This is a wonderful write up by an excellent students.

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  43. What a wonderful work keep it up sadeeq….

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  44. Well done, Musa, but how do you approach different levels of deafness since the sign assumes total hearing loss of the victim?

    Secondly, comment on cost effectiveness of your proposal with regard to reaching the large population that might be in need.

    Thanks.

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    1. Thank you very much sir, Firstly the different levels of deafness was been approach by visiting one of the deaf school in Nigeria.
      secondly for the cost effectiveness of the proposal, all I can say is that it is very cheap because our local components were been employed in the work (. But I think for the breakdown of the capital you can contact me via my email @ sidris1994@gmail.com

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  45. Well-done sir. You have not done badly sir. What are the difficulties encoutered? Why Ltd to 4 o/p? Cost implication? How did u come up with ur claim if sensor lib was deficient? Any design work or u only did construction? Project tested?

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    1. Thank you very much for the question!! Among the difficulties encounter include lack of the accelerometer library in Proteus application secondly the voice output are rapidly changing, as what Mr augustine observe ”The microprocessor used does not support Software Definition which is key part of modern AI systems like what the study portends.
      Also the work is limited to 4 voice output, as stated earlier the accelerometers are capable of detecting EXTENTION,FLEXION, ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION of the wrist, which the previously most used flex sensors can’t.
      the work is been design and constructed, it is also tested that is why I discuss the problems we encounter after testing it. thank you once again.

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    2. The complete prototype of the work is at Bells university of technology ota, ogun state, in biomedical engineering workshop.

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  46. Kudos! To you dear .this is an inspirational article that will help inspire our youth .More grace to your elbow

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  47. Once again, I thank you all for giving me your time to go through the work, Special thanks goes to those that make observations,and advice toward this work. Also, laying the foundation is what really matters to my own level of view, because it is through it that I receive your observations and ideas, which I think you all play a significant role in this work. Also your observations can be put into considerations especially when redoing the construction and for the biomedical engineering students that may do it in the near future. I strongly wish I can meet with some of you for proper development of the device. Once again, I am very grateful for giving me your time!!

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  48. Hi Musa, Nice Paper. for your system to be practical it must have basic moisture protection from sweat, rain or accidental spill of drink by its user. How do you intend to go about implementing this protection?

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    1. Thank you very much sir!!! Firstly, the cotton glove was choose in this work based on material selection, and one of the main reason for selecting glove made from cotton is that, materials made from cotton are good in absorbing perspiration (sweat). Secondly, for the issue of rain, you can see that all the 2 main components (transmitter and receiver unit) are been housed inside a plastic case, just to prevent the electrical components from having contact with water. Thank you once again.

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  49. Great innovation.

    Question pls; how do your system intend to account for cases of more than one sign or gesture virtually depicting the same thing? Would it read same or differently?
    Whichever the case could be, what’s its guiding operation.

    Thanks

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    1. Thank you very much!! as I stated it in the article, the LED’s serves as the guiding operation for each voice output. We have more than one LED, and each of this LED’s are assign to specific message. Also, we have 4 messages, and each of this LED’s correspond to one particular message.

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  50. What a great innovation!! You really try Mr.sadiq. Kudos to you!!!

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    1. I am very grateful for your time sir!

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