318M-19: Building Code Requirements for Concrete and Commentary The design of wall footing, which is also termed as strip footing, is based on the principles of beam action with only slight modifications. Wall footing should be designed to safely support structural or nonstructural walls and transmit and distribute the loads to
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Soil stabilization is the method of improving soil properties by adding suitable stabilizers to it. It is very important to achieve the required strength for the soil, especially in road construction projects where an unstable base can lead to the complete erosion of road. There are some difficulties one may have
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Water displacement test method is used to determine the dry density of soil. It is suitable for evaluating in-place dry density of cohesive soil due to the nature of specimen required. The soil sample should be trimmed to obtain a regular shape and then coated it to make it impervious to
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The compressibility of soil is defined as the capability of soil to decrease its volume under mechanical loads, whereas the consolidation is the compression of saturated soil under steady pressure and it is occurred as a result of water expulsion from the soil voids. Compressibility and consolidation of soil are
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Terms and Definitions in Soil Engineering Various definitions of terms used in Geotechnical Soil Engineering are presented. Volumetric Relationships of Soil 1. Void Ratio Void ratio is the volume of voids to the volume of solids. It is denoted by ‘e’. e=Vv/Vs It is expressed as a decimal. 2. Porosity It is defined as the ratio of volume
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The sand replacement test method is used to determine in situ dry density of soil. The procedures, materials, equipment, and specifications of this test is based on the Indian Standard (IS 2720 part 28). This test is of significant importance and it has been widely used in various construction project
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The whole bearing system (WBS) and Quadrantal Bearing system (QBS) are two notations of bearings that are used in compass surveying. The WCB system can be converted to QBS or vice versa by a simple calculation. Different bearings used in surveying and designation of bearings (WCB and QB system) are briefly
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Earthquake resistant building design guidelines are provided by set of Indian Standard codes (IS Codes). After observing Indian earthquakes for several years Bureau of Indian Standard has divided the country into five zones depending upon the severity of earthquake. The list of Indian codes for earthquake design of structures include
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What is Compaction of Soil? Compaction of soil is the pressing of soil particles close to each other by mechanical methods. Air during compaction of soil is expelled from the void space in the soil mass and therefore the mass density is increased. Compaction of soil is done to improve the engineering properties
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When a soil mass is subjected to a compressive force, its volume decreases. The property of the soil due to which a decrease in volume occurs under compressive force is known as the compressibility of soil. The compression of soil can occur due to Compression of solid particles and water
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